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NARRATION
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ARGUMENT/PERSUASIVE
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EXPOSITION
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Purpose
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ü Expresses how one perceives the
world through our five senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell)
ü Enables the reader to share the
writer’s sensory experience of the subject
ü It informs the
reader of the author's angle and it creates a lens through which the reader
sees the rest of the essay.
ü To entertain
ü To amuse
ü To provoke
ü To stimulate thoughts and feelings
ü Is used in many different writing tasks:
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Narratives or stories
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Reports
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Personal experiences
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Advertising
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Poetry
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ü Recollects or recounts a personal or
fictional experience or to tells a story based on a real or imagines event.
ü Allows writers to think and write
about themselves, to write about an incident worthy of writing about and
relevant
ü To entertain
ü To amuse
ü To make reader thing about ideas or
issues in new and different ways
ü To move readers emotionally
ü To stimulate thoughts and feelings
ü Is used in many different writing tasks: anecdotes and illustrative examples, personal writing, creative writing, fiction
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ü To state and support a position,
opinion or issue
ü To defend, refute or argue
ü To convince the reader to accept a
particular point of view or to take specific action by means of appeals to
reason or to emotion
ü To make reader thing about ideas or
issues in new and different ways
ü To provoke
ü To move readers emotionally
ü To stimulate thoughts and feelings
ü Is used in many different writing tasks: literary analysis, historical analysis, debates, research papers and advertising
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ü used to inform, clarify, explain,
define or instruct by giving information, explaining why or how, clarifying a
process, or defining a concept
ü Concerned with
presenting facts to the audience, it should be objective and unbiased.
ü Answers the questions: what?
why? how? what was the cause? the effect? etc.
ü To inform or teach someone about something, to entertain
people, or to persuade or convince the audience to do or not do something.
ü Is used in many different writing tasks:
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to report facts
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to summarize ideas
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to define terms
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to explain a process
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to give instructions
ü To stimulate thoughts and feelings
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Audience
(varies according to purpose and form)
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ü General audience
ü The layperson (does not possess expert knowledge and requires
contextual information and additional descriptions.)
ü Can be for: children, young adults,
adults, special interest groups, all readers
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ü General
audience (layperson and managerial audience)
ü Can be for: children, young adults,
adults, special interest groups, all readers
ü The
job of the writer is to put the reader or audience in the midst of the
action, letting him/her lie through an experience
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ü The managerial audience
which possess increased familiarity with the topic; however, they require
background data and statistics in order to arrive at conclusions and
important decisions. (Muraski, 2009)
ü The expert audience:
This audience
requires a completely different approach, where vocabulary is often specialized and
references are
required and need to be current. The actual writing format in itself is often
complex.
ü Involves convincing the reader to
perform an action, or it may simply consist of an argument(s) convincing the
reader of the writer’s point of view.
ü Can be for: children, young adults,
adults, special interest groups, all readers
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ü The managerial audience
ü The expert audience
ü Can be for: children, young adults,
adults, special interest groups, all readers
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Content
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ü Makes use of sensuous details about
people, places, things, moments time of day, feelings etc.
ü Focuses more on the visual sense
ü Appeals to the imagination rather
than intellect
ü Discussion remains cursory: just
enough for one to be able to recognize and differentiate among the discourse
and its purpose
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ü Concerned with actions in temporal
sequence, with life in motion
ü It includes a character, setting,
plot, climax, ending and action
ü Appeals to the imagination rather
than intellect
ü Rely on concrete sensory details
which create or convey a unified, forceful effect and dominant impression.
ü Discussion remains cursory: just
enough for one to be able to recognize and differentiate among the discourse
and its purpose
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ü Evidence is citied to support or justify the writer’s claim
ü Requires thinking skills such as
analysis, synthesis and evaluation
ü It requires writers to choose from a
variety of situations and to take a stand
ü Moves the reader to take an action
or to form or change an opinion
ü Gives logical reason and supporting
evidence to defend the position or recommend action
ü Usually addresses subjects on which
reasonable people do not agree
ü Often incorporates expository, descriptive, and
occasionally narrative modes
as well.
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ü Often used in the academic world
ü Used to convey information to the
reader in such a way as to bring about understanding, whether it be of a
process or procedure, or of the writer’s ideas about a concept.
ü Discussion remains cursory: just
enough for one to be able to recognize and differentiate among the discourse
and its purpose
ü Usually addresses subjects on which
reasonable people agree
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Style
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ü Presents its subject so that the
reader can identify that subject clearly (questions answered to identify
description: What is it like? What is he/she like?)
ü Move spatially over the object to
describe its various parts.
ü Uses concrete, specific details to
support main impression
ü Deals with space/time continuum
ü Devices used: adjectives, sense data
and descriptive sequence
ü Each paragraph of
your descriptive essay should do something different to bring your subject as
close to your reader as possible.
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ü Gives the reader a sense of
witnessing an action
ü The writer uses insight, creativity,
drama, suspense, humor or fantasy to create a central theme of impression
ü Generally written in the first or
third person.
ü Includes specific details to make
incident come alive for the reader
ü Focuses on recreating an incident
that happened over a short period of time
ü Deals with space/time continuum
ü Devices used: action or dynamic
verbs, dialogue, point of view of narrator, first person narrator and third
person narrator
ü The narrative tense or narrative time determines
the grammatical tense of the story; whether in the past, present, or
future.
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ü Takes a strong and definite position
on an issue or advises a particular action
ü If important, the writer presents
other side of the issue addressed, but in a way that makes his or her
position clear. (considers opposing views)
ü Has enthusiasm and energy from start
to finish
ü Typically deals with ideas, which
are essentially abstract and have no space/time dimensions
ü Has a set of claims, one of which is
the major claim or conclusion, while the other claims are the grounds which
supposedly support or justify the conclusion.
ü Devices used: evidence, facts,
authoritative opinion, personal experience, repetition, rhetorical questions,
emotional appeals and refutation of the counterargument
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ü Has a clear, central presentation of
ideas, example or definitions that enhance the focus developed through a
carefully crafted reader’s understanding. These facts, examples and
definitions are objective and not dependent on emotion, although the writing
may be lively, engaging and reflective of the writer’s underlying commitment
to the topic.
ü Are normally well organized
according to time ( first, next, during, last step)
ü Typically deals with ideas, which
are essentially abstract and have no space/time dimensions
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Voice
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ü Creates a voice
which is weird, mysterious, scary, happy, joyful or any feeling or
combination of feelings. This is achieved through detailed descriptions.
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ü Describes how the story is conveyed (for example, by "viewing" a character's thought
processes, by reading a letter written for someone, by a retelling of a
character's experiences, etc.)
ü Conveys a particular mood or feeling
(can be laughter fear or emotion)
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- Use of the active voice
- Opinionated
- Gives an awareness of disagreement
or conflict
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ü Use of the passive voice
ü Takes for granted the readers
acceptance of the writer’s opinion
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Organization
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ü Spatial order description: shows the
reader where things are located from your perspective
ü Descriptive essay
like a regular analytical essay, but focus on showing rather than telling.
ü Descriptive writing
also helps establish a mood, or feeling, that writers want their stories or
novels to convey.
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ü Structure is temporal
ü Time controls the structure of
narration
ü The characters, setting and the problem
are introduced at the beginning.
ü The problem reaching its high point
in the middle
ü The end resolves the problem. May be in a form of a short story, novel,
the relating of history or the giving of instruction on how o do something
which involves a process
ü The three most common structures of
narrative writing are: chronological approach, flash back
sequence and reflective mode.
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ü Has a clear topic or issue stated
ü Provides a clear understanding and
conviction well elaborated
ü Organized by way of formal elements
and logic
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ü There is no single method of
organizing exposition, but a variety of methods (most are based on logic)
ü Classification, analysis,
definition, comparison and contrast, illustration, cause and effect and
analogy
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